Adverse Events, Including Death, Associated with the Use of 1,4-Butanediol
Deborah L. Zvosec, Ph.D., Stephen W. Smith, M.D., J. Rod McCutcheon, B.S., Joe Spillane, Pharm.D., Bradley J. Hall, Ph.D., and Elizabeth A. Peacock, M.D.
Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (D.L.Z., S.W.S.); the Office of the Travis County Medical Examiner, Austin, Tex. (J.R.M., B.J.H., E.A.P.); and Broward General Medical Center, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Fla. (J.S.).
This paper can be accessed at: http://www.endo.gr/cgi/content/abstract/344/2/87
Despite repeated FDA warnings to the public about the dangers of 1,4-butanediol, gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-butyrolactoneas, they remain accessible as "club drugs" on Internet websites, as natual dietary supplements in health food stores
, and as illicit products manufactured at home or in clandestine laboratoriesThe health risks of 1,4-butanediol are similar to those of its counterparts, gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-butyrolactone. These include acute toxic effects, which may be fatal, and addiction and withdrawal.
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