Obese and diabetic patients lose more weight on a high fat diet compared to a high carbohydrate diet

This study was published in the Annals of Internal Medicine 2004 May 18;140(10):778-85

Study title and authors:

The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial.

Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J, Williams M, Gracely EJ, Samaha FF.

Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15148064

This study, of one years duration, compared the effects of of either a high carbohydrate diet or high fat diet on 132 obese adults of whom 83% had diabetes or the metabolic syndrome.

After one year the composition of the two diets was:
(i) 50% carbohydrate, 16% protein, 34% fat (high carbohydrate diet).
(ii) 30% carbohydrate, 18% protein, 52% fat (high fat diet).

The study found:
(a) Those on the high fat diet lost an extra 2 kg compared to those on the high carbohydrate diet.
(b) The unhealthy triglyceride levels decreased by 28.2% on the high fat diet, whereas they increased by 2.7% on the high carbohydrate diet.
(c) The unhealthy high HbA1C levels decreased by an extra 9.6% in diabetic patients on the high fat diet compared to the high carbohydrate diet.

This study shows that a high fat diet had produced more favourable health outcomes for obese and diabetic patients compared with a high carbohydrate diet.

High fat diets reduce dangerous C-reactive protein levels by 52.6%

This study was published in Diabetologia 2005 Jan;48(1):8-16

Study title and authors:

Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women.

McAuley KA, Hopkins CM, Smith KJ, McLay RT, Williams SM, Taylor RW, Mann JI

Edgar National Centre for Diabetes Research, Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. kirsten.mcauley@stonebow.otago.ac.nz

This study can be accessed at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/1abv5hablr8veyrm/fulltext.html

High levels of C-reactive protein and triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of heart disease. See here and here.

This study investigated the effects of 3 diets on diabetes and heart disease risk factors, such as weight, triglyceride levels and C-reactive protein levels in 96 overweight insulin-resistant women.

The diets were either:
(i) High-carbohydrate, high-fibre diet
(ii) High-protein diet
(iii) High-fat diet

The study found:
(a) When compared with the high carbohydrate diet, the high fat and high protein diets were shown to produce significantly greater reductions in weight loss.
(b) When compared with the high carbohydrate diet, the high fat and high protein diets were shown to produce significantly greater reductions in triglyceride levels.
(c) All diets reduced C-reactive protein levels. The high carbohydrate diet reduced them by 14.8% and the high protein diet by 17.3%. However by far the largest decrease in the dangerous C-reactive protein levels was on the high fat diet, with a 52.6% reduction.

This study reveals how a high fat diet is effective in reducing the risk of heart disease, with weight loss and the reduction of heart disease risk factors such as triglyceride and C-reactive protein levels.

Obese patients lose weight and improve cholesterol on a high fat diet

Published in Exp Clin Cardiol. 2004 Fall;9(3):200-5.

Long-term effects of a ketogenic diet in obese patients.
Dashti HM, Mathew TC, Hussein T, Asfar SK, Behbahani A, Khoursheed MA, Al-Sayer HM, Bo-Abbas YY, Al-Zaid NS.

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19641727

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of a 24-week ketogenic diet (consisting of 30 g carbohydrate, 1 g/kg body weight protein, 20% saturated fat, and 80% polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat) in 83 obese patients.

The results of the study revealed that:
(a) The weight and body mass index of the patients decreased significantly.
(b) HDL (good) cholesterol levels significantly increased.
(c) LDL (bad) cholesterol levels significantly decreased.
(d) The level of (bad) triglycerides decreased significantly.

Dashti concluded that the study shows the beneficial effects of a long term ketogenic diet.

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Review of sixteen trails finds that the high fat Mediterranean diet may be a useful tool to reduce body weight

Published in Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders Volume: 9 Issue 1: January 20, 2011

Mediterranean Diet and Weight Loss: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Katherine Esposito, M.D., Ph.D.,1
Christina-Maria Kastorini, M.Sc.,2
Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, M.D., Ph.D.,2 
Dario Giugliano, M.D., Ph.D.1
1Department of Geriatrics and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
2Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

This paper can be accessed at: http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/met.2010.0031

In this review of Sixteen randomized controlled trials, and 3,436 participants, Esposito found that the high fat Mediterranean diet may be a useful tool to reduce body weight.

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High fat dairy consumption LOWERS the risk of diabetes

Published in the Ann Intern Med. 2010 Dec 21;153(12):790-9.

Trans-palmitoleic acid, metabolic risk factors, and new-onset diabetes in U.S. adults: a cohort study.
Mozaffarian D, Cao H, King IB, Lemaitre RN, Song X, Siscovick DS, Hotamisligil GS.
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. dmozaffa@hsph.harvard.edu

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21173413

The study found that whole fat dairy consumption was most strongly associated with higher trans-palmitoleate levels.

Higher levels of trans-palmitoleate were associated with a lower BMI, a lower waist circumference, lower total cholesterol and lower levels of C-reactive protein (a marker of inflammation).

In people who did not have diabetes at the start of the study, greater levels of trans-palmitoleate were associated with a lower risk of new-onset diabetes over the subsequent 10 years.

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Lower fat diets associated with higher obesity rates

Published at the University of Gothenberg

Nutrition and health in 4-year-olds in a Swedish well-educated urban community
Garemo, Malin Haglund

This paper can be accessed at: http://gupea.ub.gu.se/dspace/handle/2077/16984

Garemo found that a lower fat diet was associated with higher obesity rates.

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A substantial decline in the percentage of energy from fat consumed during the past two decades has corresponded with a massive increase in obesity

Published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 67, 556S-562S

Is dietary fat a major determinant of body fat?
WC Willett
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

This paper can be accessed at: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/67/3/556S
 
Willett states: "Fat consumption within the range of 18-40% of energy appears to have little if any effect on body fatness.
 
Moreover, within the United States, a substantial decline in the percentage of energy from fat consumed during the past two decades has corresponded with a massive increase in obesity.
 
Diets high in fat do not appear to be the primary cause of the high prevalence of excess body fat in our society, and reductions in fat will not be a solution".

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The many health benefits of a ketogenic diet

This post contains a summary of a paper published in Pediatrics Vol. 119 No. 3 March 2007, pp. 535-543 and a recipe for lamb shanks with horseradish and rosemary.

Study title and authors:
The Ketogenic Diet: One Decade Later
John M. Freeman, MD, Eric H. Kossoff, MD, Adam L. Hartman, MD
John M. Freeman Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland

This paper can be accessed at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/119/3/535#R2

Books:

The paper concludes: "The past decade has been an amazing one for those interested in the Ketogenic diet (KD). Its increasing use in children with difficult-to-control seizures has opened new vistas for these children and also for our understanding of epilepsy. Its potential use in adults by using a less restrictive Atkins diet may make a difference to this population as well. The diet’s documented efficacy and tolerability have opened new horizons as it is tried for a variety of ills from brain tumors to migraine, and from head trauma to neurodegenerative diseases. Most exciting is the realization that beliefs concerning a high-fat diet making people fat and dyslipidemic have been proven false. Researchers are rediscovering that ketone bodies are not necessarily bad and that glucose is not necessarily good. A whole new era of metabolic research has opened up. It is not completely clear where it will lead, but its promise is exciting".

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Recipe of the day

Lamb Shanks with Horseradish and Rosemary

 

Ingredients:

Food Mall: Lamb

2 lamb shanks

15ml/1tbsp oil

2 garlic cloves, peeled and crushed

1 onion, peeled and chopped

1 carrot, peeled and chopped

2 celery stalks, sliced

30ml/2tbsp horseradish sauce or fresh horseradish

400g/14oz tomato passata

Salt and freshly milled black pepper

300ml/½pint good, hot lamb stock

2 fresh rosemary stalks

Method:

1.Preheat the oven to Gas mark 3, 150ºC, 325ºF.

2.Heat the oil in a large frying pan, add the lamb shanks and fry until golden all over (approx 10 minutes). Add the garlic, onion, carrot, celery, horseradish sauce and stir together. Pour over the passata, stock and bring to boil. Season. Pour into a casserole dish and add the rosemary.

3.Cover and cook for 2 hours.

 



Low carb/high fat diets and weight loss

This post includes a summary of a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine Volume 359:229-241 July 17, 2008 Number 3 and a recipe for chicken club wrap.

Study title and authors:
Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet

Books:

Iris Shai, R.D., Ph.D., Dan Schwarzfuchs, M.D., Yaakov Henkin, M.D., Danit R. Shahar, R.D., Ph.D., Shula Witkow, R.D., M.P.H., Ilana Greenberg, R.D., M.P.H., Rachel Golan, R.D., M.P.H., Drora Fraser, Ph.D., Arkady Bolotin, Ph.D., Hilel Vardi, M.Sc., Osnat Tangi-Rozental, B.A., Rachel Zuk-Ramot, R.N., Benjamin Sarusi, M.Sc., Dov Brickner, M.D., Ziva Schwartz, M.D., Einat Sheiner, M.D., Rachel Marko, M.Sc., Esther Katorza, M.Sc., Joachim Thiery, M.D., Georg Martin Fiedler, M.D., Matthias Blüher, M.D., Michael Stumvoll, M.D., Meir J. Stampfer, M.D., Dr.P.H., for the Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) Group

This paper can be accessed at: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/3/229

Weight Loss was compared in three diets; low-fat, restricted-calorie; Mediterranean, restricted-calorie; or low-carbohydrate/high fat, non–restricted-calorie.

The low carb/high fat diet produced the most weight loss and also improved cholesterol.

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Recipe of the day

Chicken Club Wrap

Food Mall: Chicken

Ingredients:

3 large lettuce leaves

1 cooked chicken, chopped into bite-size pieces

1/2 c sliced red pepper
1 plum tomato, sliced
1/2 avocado
bacon

Wash and pat dry the large lettuce leaves. In the center of each leaf, pile all of the ingredients.

A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity

This post features a summary of a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine Volume 348:2074-2081 May 22, 2003 Number 21 and a recipe for bacon and leeks.

Study title and authors:
A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity

Books:

Frederick F. Samaha, M.D., Nayyar Iqbal, M.D., Prakash Seshadri, M.D., Kathryn L. Chicano, C.R.N.P., Denise A. Daily, R.D., Joyce McGrory, C.R.N.P., Terrence Williams, B.S., Monica Williams, B.S., Edward J. Gracely, Ph.D., and Linda Stern, M.D.

This paper can be accessed at: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/348/21/2074

The report concluded obese subjects with a high prevalence of diabetes or the metabolic syndrome lost more weight and had a relative improvement in insulin sensitivity and triglyceride levels on a low carb/high fat diet than on a calorie- and fat-restricted diet.

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Recipe of the day



Food Mall: Bacon

Bacon and Leeks 

Ingredients:

2-3 medium leeks

1 lb bacon

2 eggs
1/4 tsp paprika

Directions:
Cut off dark green and hairy bits of the leeks. Cut leeks into half inch rings and then cut the rings in half.

Put leeks in a bowl of water and let the sand fall to the bottom of the bowl and then fish leeks out and dry on paper towel.

Cut bacon into inch long pieces.

Fry bacon over medium heat until it starts to crisp up.

Add in leeks and paprika and cook until leeks are soft.

Serve warm with eggs of choice.

High fat diet reduces heart disease risk and helps in weight loss

This post includes a summary of a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine Volume 348:2082-2090 May 22, 2003 Number 21 and a recipe for slow-cooked heart on fire with creamed kale.

Study title and authors:
A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Obesity

Books:

Gary D. Foster, Ph.D., Holly R. Wyatt, M.D., James O. Hill, Ph.D., Brian G. McGuckin, Ed.M., Carrie Brill, B.S., B. Selma Mohammed, M.D., Ph.D., Philippe O. Szapary, M.D., Daniel J. Rader, M.D., Joel S. Edman, D.Sc., and Samuel Klein, M.D.

This paper can be accessed at: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/348/21/2082

63 obese men and women were randomly assigned to 2 different diets for one year. Measurements were recorded for their changes in weight and the beneficial high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.

The diets were either:
(i) Low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat diet
(ii) Low-calorie, high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet

The study found:
(a) Those on the high fat diet lost more weight than those on the low fat diet.
(b) Those on the high fat diet had a bigger increase in the beneficial HDL cholesterol compared to those on the low fat diet.
(c) Those on the high fat diet had a bigger decrease in dangerous triglyceride levels compared to those on the low fat diet.

Foster concluded that the high fat diet produced a greater weight loss and was associated with a greater improvement in HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels and therefore lowered the risk of  heart disease.

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Recipe of the day

Slow-Cooked Heart on Fire with Creamed Kale

1-2 servings
 
Ingredients:
1-2 hearts
2 chopped carrots

Food Mall: Beef Heart

3 chopped celery hearts

1 chopped onion
2-3 (depending of size) chopped garlic cloves
3 chopped jalapenos (de-seeded to tame the spiciness)
3/4 cup coconut flakes
1 teaspoon cayenne powder
1 teaspoon chilli powder
1 teaspoon red pepper
1 teaspoon smoked paprika
1/2 teaspoon allspice
1/2 teaspoon cloves
2 teaspoons cilantro flakes (or 1-2 tablespoons finely chopped fresh cilantro)
1 large bunch of kale, sliced
1/2 can of coconut milk

Instructions:
Cut the heart in half and remove any valves and connective tissue with a sharp knife or kitchen shears.

Put 3/4th or so of the carrot, celery, onion, garlic, jalapenos, coconut flakes and spices in the bottom of the Crock-Pot to make a good base.

Place the heart in the Crock-Pot and cover it with the remaining veggies and spices. Add a cup or so of liquid (broth or water) and cook on low for about 6 hours.

When the heart is cooked, put the kale in a large pan, pour in the coconut milk and sauté until kale reaches desired softness (I like mine a little on the firmer side). Slice the heart into small pieces. Serve over kale.