The raison d'etre of this website is to provide you with hard scientific information which may help you make informed decisions in your quest for health (so far I have blogged concise summaries of over 1,500 scientific studies and have had three books published).
My research is mainly focused on the effects of cholesterol, saturated fat and statin drugs on health. If you know anyone who is worried about their cholesterol levels and heart disease, or has been told to take statin drugs you could send them a link to this website, and to my statin or cholesterol or heart disease books.
David Evans
Independent Health Researcher
Showing posts with label Cholesterol and Violence. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Cholesterol and Violence. Show all posts
The researchers conducted a systematic study of the literature that addressed the relationship between low cholesterol levels and neuropsychiatric disorders.
They found that low cholesterol levels are associated and related to different neuropsychiatric disorders. Lowered cholesterol levels seem likely to be linked to higher rates of early death, suicide, aggressive and violent behaviour, personality disorders, and possibly depression, dementia and penal confinement among young males.
This post includes a synopsis of a study published in the International Review of Psychiatry 2008 Apr;20(2):165-70 and a recipe for smoked, deviled eggs.
Study title and authors: Autism: the role of cholesterol in treatment.
Aneja A, Tierney E.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA. aneja@kennedykrieger.org
Aneja notes that cholesterol is essential for normal embryonic and fetal development and a deficit of cholesterol may contribute to autism spectrum disorders, as observed in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.
The review found that Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is treatable by increasing dietary cholesterol.
Individuals with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome who have such cholesterol treatment display fewer autistic behaviours, infections, and symptoms of irritability and hyperactivity, with improvements in physical growth, sleep and social interactions.
Other behaviours shown to improve by increasing cholesterol include aggressive behaviours, self-injury, temper outbursts and trichotillomania (pull out one's own hair).
To conclude: Low cholesterol is associated with autism. An increase in dietary cholesterol helps to alleviate autistic behaviour.
◦3 T capers, chopped
◦1 lemon, juiced
◦1/4 c mayo
◦6 eggs
◦6 oz wild, cold smoked salmon, chopped
◦Salt N Pepa
◦dash of smoked paprika (optional)
Method:
Boil, cool, and peel your eggs. (We put our eggs in room temp water and put on the stove at high heat. When the water reaches a slow boil we lower the temp to maintain low boil and leave it there for 12 more minutes. It does help to cool in ice bath or running water to stop the cooking process. Also, we’ve found, through much research, the fresher your egg, the harder it is to peel after it’s been boiled.)
Cut your eggs in half, lengthwise, remove and place the yolks into a mixing bowl. Set your whites on a serving platter/plate. To the mixing bowl add the onion, capers, lemon juice, mayo, salmon and S&P. Mix until evenly distributed and scoop and place in your egg white halves. Garnish with sprinkled smoked paprika.
This post contains a summary of a paper published in the Lancet Volume 339, Issue 8795, 21 March 1992, Pages 727-729 and a recipe for homemade beef broth.
Study title and author: Low serum cholesterol and suicide
H. Engelberg MD Books:
Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Engelberg notes that cholesterol lowering trials have shown an increase in deaths due to suicide or violence.
Studies have shown that when cholesterol is increased there is a pronounced increase in serotonin. So, conversely low cholesterol levels contribute to a decrease in brain serotonin.
Serotonin is called the "happiness hormone" (although it is not a hormone) and suppresses aggressive behaviour and harmful behavioural impulses.
4 pounds meaty beef soup bones (beef shanks or short ribs)
3 medium carrots, cut into chunks
3 celery ribs, cut into chunks
2 medium onions, quartered
1/2 cup warm water
3 bay leaves
3 garlic cloves
8-10 whole peppercorns
3-4 sprigs fresh parsley
1 teaspoon EACH dried thyme, marjoram, and oregano
3 quarts cold water
Instructions:
Place soup bones in a large roasting pan. Bake, uncovered, at 450F for 30 minutes.
This study was published in the European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Volume 252, Number 1, 8-11
Study title and authors: Total serum cholesterol level, violent criminal offences, suicidal behavior, mortality and the appearance of conduct disorder in Finnish male criminal offenders with antisocial personality disorder
Eila Repo-Tiihonen, Pirjo Halonen, Jari Tiihonen and Matti Virkkunen
Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Kuopio, Niuvanniemi Hospital, 70240 Kuopio, Finland
This study can be accessed at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/7cktb3d2haf4p15y/
Repo-Tiihonen comments that associations between low cholesterol levels and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), violent and suicidal behavior have been found.
The study investigated the associations between cholesterol levels, violent and suicidal behavior, age of onset of the conduct disorder (CD) and the age of death among 250 Finnish male criminal offenders with ASPD.
It found that:
(a) The CD had begun before the age of 10 two times more often in non-violent criminal offenders who had lower than average cholesterol levels.
(b) The violent criminal offenders who had lower than average cholesterol levels were seven times more likely to die before the average age of death.
(c) The violent offenders who had lower than average cholesterol levels were eight times more likely to die of unnatural causes.
(d) The average cholesterol levels of these male offenders with ASPD was lower than that of the general Finnish male population.
(e) Low cholesterol levels are associated with childhood onset type of the CD.
(f) Low cholesterol levels are associated with premature and unnatural mortality among male offenders with ASPD.
(g) Low cholesterol levels seem to be a marker for boys with conduct disorder and antisocial male offenders.
The results of the study show that low cholesterol is associated with violent behaviour and an early death.
Spivak notes that ADHD is frequently complicated by aggressive impulsive behaviour, which is suggested to be related to low serum cholesterol levels.
The study, of boys with ADHD, found that lower levels of blood serotonin, were associated with higer degrees of hyperactivity, impulsiveness, lack of concentration, and aggressiveness in boys.
Serotonin is manufactured in the body using the amino acid tryptophan. Excellent dietary sources of tryptophan include: turkey, chicken, beef, fish, milk, eggs and cheese.
This study was published in the American Journal of Epidemiology (2005) 161 (7): 691-699
Study title and authors: Association of Serum Cholesterol and History of School Suspension among School-age Children and Adolescents in the United States
Jian Zhang 1 , Matthew F. Muldoon 2 , Robert E. McKeown 3 and Steven P. Cuffe 4
1Division of Health and Family Studies, Institute for Families in Society, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
2Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
3Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
4Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Science, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC
The study investigated the association of cholesterol levels with pupils who had been suspended or expelled from school. The study included 4,852 children aged 6–16 years.
The study found showed that children between 6 and 16 years of age whose cholesterol concentration was below 3.77 mmol/L (145 mg/dL) were 73% more likely to have been suspended or expelled from schools than children with higher cholesterol levels.
Zhang concluded that low total cholesterol is associated with school suspension or expulsion and that low cholesterol may be a risk factor for aggression.
In an analysis of all the previous studies on low cholesterol and violence Golomb concluded there is a significant association between low orlowered cholesterol levels and violence,and that doctors should take into account this risk of violent behavior before advising their patients of cholesterol lowering measures.
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The results of the analysis showed: (1) Those with lower cholesterol levels have a statistically significant increased risk of completing suicide. (2) Individuals who haveattempted suicide in the past have lower cholesterol levels,especially if they used violent methods for suicide. (3) Cholesterol lowering studies, led to an increase in completed suicide.
Serum cholesterol levels in homicidal offenders. A low cholesterol level is connected with a habitually violent tendency under the influence of alcohol. Virkkunen M
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Low cholesterol and violence. Mufti RM, Balon R, Arfken CL Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48207, USA.
Sleep-related violence and low serum cholesterol: a preliminary study. Agargun MY, Sekeroğlu MR, Kara H, Ozer OA, Tombul T, Kiran U, Selvi Y Department of Psychiatry, Yuzuncu Yil University School of Medicine, Van, Turkey
Published in Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002; 56:195-8.
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This post includes a summary of a paper pPublished in the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1997; 836:57-80
Study title and authors: Assessing the observed relationship between low cholesterol and violence-related mortality. Implications for suicide risk. Kaplan JR, Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Mann JJ Comparative Medicine Clinical Research Center, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1040, USA.
Kaplan reviewed the evidence concerning cholesterol levels and suicide or traumatic death.
The review found: (a) Accumulating evidence suggests that naturally low or clinically reduced cholesterol is associated with increased nonillness mortality (principally suicide and accidents).
(b) Other evidence suggests that such increases in suicide and traumatic death may be caused by the adverse changes in behaviour and mood that sometimes accompany low or reduced cholesterol.
(c) A study on monkeys revealed that reductions in cholesterol levels increased the tendency of the monkeys to engage in impulsive or violent behaviour through a mechanism involving central serotonergic activity.
(d) It is speculated that the cholesterol-serotonin-behavior association represents a mechanism evolved to increase hunting or competitive foraging behavior in the face of nutritional threats signaled by a decline in total serum cholesterol.
Kaplan concluded: "The epidemiological and experimental data could be interpreted as having two implications for public health: (1) low-cholesterol may be a marker for risk of suicide or traumatic death and (2) cholesterol lowering may have adverse effects for some individuals under some circumstances".
Cholesterol content in brains of suicide completers. Lalovic A, Levy E, Luheshi G, Canetti L, Grenier E, Sequeira A, Turecki G McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, Verdun, Québec, Canada.
Published in the Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2007; 10:159-66.
This post includes a summary of a study published in the British Medical Journal 1990 Aug 11;301(6747):309-14
Study title and authors: Lowering cholesterol concentrations and mortality: a quantitative review of primary prevention trials.
Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Matthews KA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260.
This paper can be accessed at:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2144195 This study was an analysis of six trials, average duration 4.8 years, of the consequences of cholesterol reduction by diet or drugs. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of lowering cholesterol concentrations on total and cause specific mortality. The analysis included 4,847 Male participants, average age 47.5 years, who were studied for 119,000 person years.
The study found:
(a) Those who were subject to cholesterol reduction had a 7% increased risk of death compared to those who did not undergo cholesterol reduction.
(b) Those who were subject to cholesterol reduction had a 15% decreased risk of death from heart disease compared to those who did not undergo cholesterol reduction.
(c) Those who were subject to cholesterol reduction had a 43% increased risk of death from cancer compared to those who did not undergo cholesterol reduction.
(d) Those who were subject to cholesterol reduction had a 76% increased risk of death from accidents, violence, trauma and suicide compared to those who did not undergo cholesterol reduction.
Muldoon concluded: "An explanation for the increased rate of suicide and accidental or violent death.. reflects a direct relation between reduction of serum cholesterol concentration and increased suicide and accidental or violent death. There is some experimental evidence that modifying the fat in the diet has both neurochemical and behavioural consequences".
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Weizman
. Excellent dietary sources of tryptophan include: turkey, chicken, 
concentration was below 3.77 mmol/L (145 mg/dL) were 73% more likely to have been suspended or expelled from schools than children with higher cholesterol levels. 
trials.